Cistanche: 4 Key Benefits & Uses

Cistanche, a parasitic plant that grows in the desert regions of Asia and Africa, has a rich history dating back centuries. The earliest records of cistanche can be traced back to ancient Chinese medicine, where it was used as a tonic to promote overall health and longevity. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), cistanche is known as "Rou Cong Rong" and is considered one of the top 50 fundamental herbs. It was praised for its ability to nourish the kidneys, strengthen the yang energy, and enhance fertility.

In more recent times, scientific research has begun to investigate the potential health benefits of cistanche, validating many of the traditional uses. Studies have explored cistanche's effects on sexual function, brain health, immune system support, and anti-aging properties. As a result, cistanche has gained popularity in the global health and wellness community, with many people seeking out supplements and herbal formulations containing this powerful desert plant.

What is Cistanche?

Cistanche, a plant from the Orobanchaceae family, is known by names like desert ginseng and Rou Cong Rong. It thrives in arid regions of Asia and Africa, attaching itself to the roots of host plants such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix ramosissima. Cistanche boasts a rich nutritional profile, packed with bioactive compounds that offer numerous health benefits. Key among these are phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), including echinacoside, acteoside, and isoacteoside, which possess antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties.

The plant is also rich in polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates that enhance immune function by stimulating the body's defences against pathogens. Notable polysaccharides in cistanche include cistanoside A and B. Additionally, cistanche contains lignans, such as cistanol A and B, which have potential anti-cancer and hormone-balancing effects, promoting the inhibition of cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis in malignant cells. Cistanche is a source of essential nutrients like amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. It provides vitamin C, a potent antioxidant that supports immune function and protects cells from oxidative stress, and vitamin E, which maintains healthy cell membranes and supports skin health. The plant also contains minerals such as calcium, iron, and potassium, vital for bone health, oxygen transport, and electrolyte balance.

Moreover, cistanche includes other beneficial compounds like flavonoids, terpenes, and sterols, which work together to enhance its health benefits. While the nutrient composition of cistanche can vary based on growing conditions, harvesting time, and processing methods, its overall nutritional value remains significant, making it a valuable addition to health and wellness supplements.

Benefits of Cistanche

1) Improved Sexual Function and Fertility
Cistanche has been traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and to treat sexual dysfunction in both men and women. Modern scientific research has begun to validate these traditional uses, providing evidence for cistanche's potential benefits in enhancing sexual function and fertility. A study from 2013 investigated the effects of cistanche extract on male sexual behavior in rats. The study found that cistanche significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation frequency compared to the control group. The researchers attributed these effects to the presence of PhGs, such as echinacoside and acteoside, in cistanche[1].

 

In addition to its effects on male sexual function, cistanche has also been studied for its potential benefits in female reproductive health. Cistanche can significantly increase estradiol levels, improve ovarian morphology, and reduce oxidative stress in the ovaries of POF rats. Hence cistanche could be a promising natural treatment for POF and related infertility issues. The potential mechanisms behind these benefits include the plant's ability to regulate hormones, improve blood flow, and reduce oxidative stress in the reproductive organs.

2) Neuroprotective and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects
Cistanche has also been studied for its potential neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties, making it a promising natural remedy for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. A recent study investigated the neuroprotective effects of cistanche extract on amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Aβ is a protein fragment that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and is believed to contribute to the development of the disease. The study found that cistanche extract significantly improved cognitive function, reduced Aβ deposition, and attenuated neuroinflammation in the brains of Aβ-treated mice. The authors suggested that cistanche's neuroprotective effects could be attributed to its ability to modulate the gut microbiota and regulate the gut-brain axis [2]

 

Another study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease explored the effects of echinacoside, a major PhG found in cistanche, on cognitive function and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The study revealed that echinacoside treatment improved spatial learning and memory, reduced Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation, and attenuated neuroinflammation in the brains of Alzheimer's disease mice. The authors proposed that echinacoside's neuroprotective effects were mediated through the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation [3].

In addition to its potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease, cistanche has also been studied for its cognitive-enhancing effects in healthy individuals. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of cistanche extract on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and elderly individuals. The study found that cistanche supplementation significantly improved attention, memory, and executive function compared to the placebo group. The authors suggested that cistanche's cognitive-enhancing effects could be due to its ability to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and improve cerebral blood flow [4].

These studies provide compelling evidence for cistanche's neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties, highlighting its potential as a natural remedy for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease [5]. 

3) Anti-Aging and Longevity-Promoting Effects
Cistanche has been traditionally used as an anti-aging herb in Chinese medicine, and recent scientific research has begun to uncover the potential mechanisms behind its longevity-promoting effects. A study from 2014 investigated the effects of Cistanche deserticola extracts (ECD) on ageing and the immune system in a mouse model of accelerated ageing, the SAM-P8 mice. [6] The study provides experimental evidence supporting the traditional use of Cistanche deserticola in promoting immune function in the elderly and its potential as an anti-aging intervention. The study found that:

• Dietary supplementation with ECD can extend the lifespan of SAM-P8 mice in a dose-dependent manner.
• ECD supplementation can increase the number of naive T cells and natural killer cells in the blood and spleen of SAM-P8 mice.
• ECD supplementation can decrease the number of peripheral memory T cells and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the serum of SAM-P8 mice.
• ECD supplementation can restore Sca-1 positive cells, which are progenitors of peripheral naive T cells.

 

 

These findings suggest that Cistanche deserticola extracts can combat age-related immune system decline (immunosenescence) and extend lifespan in this mouse model. 

4) Enhanced Physical Strength and Endurance
Cistanche has been traditionally used to enhance physical strength and endurance, and recent scientific research has begun to shed light on the potential mechanisms behind these effects. A recent study from 2020 investigated the effects of cistanche extract on muscle atrophy in a mouse model of hindlimb suspension. The study found that cistanche supplementation significantly attenuated muscle atrophy and improved muscle strength in the suspended mice. The authors suggested that cistanche's muscle-protective effects could be mediated through the regulation of the IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, which plays a crucial role in muscle protein synthesis (Chen et al., 2017).

 

These studies provide evidence for cistanche's potential benefits in enhancing physical strength and endurance, as well as its muscle-protective effects. The mechanisms behind these benefits appear to involve the modulation of energy metabolism, reduction of oxidative stress, and regulation of key signalling pathways involved in muscle growth and recovery.

Conclusion

In conclusion, cistanche has been shown to be a valuable medicinal herb with a wide range of potential health benefits, including improved sexual function and fertility, neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects, and anti-aging and longevity-promoting properties. The scientific evidence presented in this article supports the traditional use of cistanche in Chinese medicine and highlights its potential as a natural remedy for various health conditions.

However, as with any herbal supplement, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating cistanche into your health regimen, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions or are taking medications. Overall, cistanche's unique combination of bioactive compounds, including PhGs, iridoids, and polysaccharides, contributes to its diverse health benefits. 

As research continues to uncover the mechanisms behind these compounds, the potential for cistanche as a therapeutic agent in various health conditions becomes increasingly evident. The synergistic effects of these bioactive compounds may hold the key to unlocking the full potential of this ancient herbal remedy.

FAQs

What are the active compounds in Cistanche deserticola responsible for its health benefits?
The main active compounds in Cistanche deserticola include phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), iridoids, and polysaccharides. These compounds work synergistically to produce the diverse health benefits associated with the herb.

Is Cistanche deserticola safe to consume, and are there any side effects?
Cistanche deserticola is generally considered safe when consumed in recommended doses. However, some people may experience mild side effects such as digestive discomfort or allergic reactions. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new herbal supplement regimen.

How is Cistanche typically consumed?
Cistanche is usually consumed in the form of a dietary supplement, such as capsules or tablets. It can also be consumed as a tea or added to various herbal formulations.

Can Cistanche interact with other medications or supplements?
While there are no known severe interactions between Cistanche deserticola and other medications or supplements, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before combining any herbal supplements with existing medications. This is especially important for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking prescription medications.

Are there any specific populations that should avoid consuming Cistanche deserticola?
Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid consuming Cistanche deserticola due to the lack of safety data in these populations. Additionally, individuals with autoimmune disorders or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy should consult with their healthcare provider before consuming this herb, as it may stimulate the immune system.

What is the relationship between Cistanche deserticola and the immune system? 
Cistanche deserticola has been found to have immunomodulatory effects, meaning it can regulate the immune system to prevent excessive or deficient immune responses. It achieves this by increasing the production of immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer cells, and by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Can Cistanche deserticola be used to treat specific diseases or health conditions?
While Cistanche deserticola has been found to have potential therapeutic effects in various health conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer, more research is needed to confirm its efficacy as a treatment for specific diseases. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedy to treat a medical condition.

How does Cistanche deserticola compare to other herbal remedies with similar health benefits?
Cistanche deserticola is unique in its combination of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits. While other herbal remedies, such as ginseng and ashwagandha, may have similar effects on stress and immune function, Cistanche deserticola has a distinct profile of bioactive compounds that sets it apart from other herbs.

References

[1] Zhong, Z., Zeng, T., Xie, K., Zhang, C., Chen, J., Bi, Y., & Zhao, X. (2012). Elevation of 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde modified protein levels in cerebral cortex with cognitive dysfunction in rats exposed to 1-bromopropane. Toxicology, 306, 16-23
[2] Gao, Y., Wang, F., Song, Y. et al. The status of and trends in the pharmacology of berberine: a bibliometric review [1985–2018]. Chin Med 15, 7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-0288-z
[3] Qiu H, Liu X. Echinacoside Improves Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Aβ Deposition Through the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/PPARγ Signaling Pathways in APP/PS1 Mice. Mol Neurobiol. 2022 Aug;59(8):4987-4999. doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-02885-5. Epub 2022 Jun 4. PMID: 35665898; PMCID: PMC9363339.
[4] Xu Q, Fan W, Ye SF, Cong YB, Qin W, Chen SY, Cai J. Cistanche tubulosa Protects Dopaminergic Neurons through Regulation of Apoptosis and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: in vivo and in vitro. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016 Dec 16;8:295. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00295. PMID: 28018211; PMCID: PMC5159610.
[5] Wu C. R., Lin H. C., Su M. H. (2014). Reversal by aqueous extracts of Cistanche tubulosafrom behavioral deficits in Alzheimer’s disease-like rat model: relevance for amyloid deposition and central neurotransmitter function. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14:202. 10.1186/1472-6882-14-202
[6] Zhang K, Ma X, He W, Li H, Han S, Jiang Y, Wu H, Han L, Ohno T, Uotsu N, Yamaguchi K, Ma Z, Tu P. Extracts of Cistanche deserticola Can Antagonize Immunosenescence and Extend Life Span in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAM-P8) Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:601383. doi: 10.1155/2014/601383. Epub 2014 Jan 9. PMID: 24523825; PMCID: PMC3913196.